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Jan 07, 2005 12:55:41 (GMT -05:00) Eastern Time (US & Canada) Jan 07, 2005 00:00:00 (GMT -05:00) Eastern Time (US & Canada) No (click here to learn more about
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Introduction
The key to understanding Padre Island is to understand that the island sits where the winds and currents of the western Gulf converge to produce a unique combination of environments. Continually shaped by the converging forces of wind and water, Padre Island provides an ever-changing habitat to a diverse ecosystem of plants and animals.
Dynamics
The wind at Padre Island comes mainly from the southeast. As the wind strikes the water, it forms waves, which strike the shoreline at an angle creating long shore currents. Three to five thousand years ago, the currents brought the sand and natural debris that formed the island. Unfortunately, today the currents also bring almost all the trash on the beach.
As the wind blows dry sand off the beach, the sand forms the fore-island dunes.
The fore-island dunes are critical to the island because they form a dike protecting the island’s interior from tidal surges.
Padre Island is known as a barrier island, because, like a dike, it serves as a barrier protecting the mainland from the onslaught of devastating tidal surges generated by storms and hurricanes.
Wildlife
Just as the wind and the currents converge at Padre Island, so do numerous plant and animal species of both land and sea.
On Padre Island, the National Park Service has documented over 400 species of plants and over 700 species of animals, including several which are either rare or endangered, but there are many more that remain to be recorded. In accordance with its founding legislation, the National Park Service endeavors to protect all species found in the Seashore.
Restoring and protecting species is not only good for the island, but also for much of North America, because many of the species found here are temporary residents, like sea turtles, or migrants like many birds. Thus the work the National Park Service accomplishes here extends far beyond the island’s shores.
Padre Island’s location on a major migratory bird route known as the central flyway makes it an important area for avid birdwatchers. The National Seashore has documented around 380 species of birds within its boundaries. This is almost half of all species documented in North America. In 1998, Padre Island National Seashore was named a globally important bird area by the American Bird Conservancy, because it provides critical habitat to nine species of birds and because of its importance to North American birds in general.
Sea turtles are another good example of the National Park Service’s effort to restore and protect species. Padre Island is a nesting ground for four species of endangered sea turtles. Once abundant, sea turtle populations have declined drastically during the last century because of human expansion into the Gulf of Mexico and into their nesting habitats. The National Park Service helps restore sea turtle populations to the Gulf by searching for sea turtle nests along the shore and incubating any eggs found. Less than a day after hatching, baby sea turtles are released into the Gulf. The public is invited to witness the releases.
The National Park Service asks visitors to help us in our efforts to protect the flora and fauna of the island by not feeding wildlife or picking flowers and by obeying state fishing regulations.
History
In terms of human history, Padre sits at the convergence of three cultures, the Indians, the Spanish, and the Anglo-American.
The most recent native culture here was the Karankawa, who, for hundreds of years, came to the island to hunt and to fish and to search for shellfish. The Karankawa finally disappeared as a people around 1850 after falling into many disputes with European settlers, who gradually drove them out.
The first Europeans known to have set foot on Padre Island were Spanish colonists, who came here in 1554 by chance and on the Gulf waters, arriving in the same way as the sand, driftwood, and seaweed that make up the island. While sailing from present day Mexico to Spain, four ships encountered a storm, which blew three of the ships across the Gulf and wrecked them on what is now the southern end of the National Seashore. Of the three hundred passengers, very few are known to have survived the arduous overland trek back to Vera Cruz.
Around 1804 a priest named Padre Nicolas Balli, for whom the
island is named, established the first Spanish settlement
and ranch on the island. At that time, Texas was part of Mexico and remained so until the Texas War of Independence in 1836, at which time Texas declared itself a sovereign nation. Padre Island did not officially become part of the United States until after the War with Mexico in the mid-1840’s.
For almost all of its history ranching was the sole livelihood on the island for over 160 years until the National Park Service bought most of the land to create the National Seashore, which opened to the public in 1971.
Recreation
Today, visitors to Padre Island take advantage of the converging forces shaping the island in various forms of recreation. Windsurfers use the nearly constant wind. Fishermen can fish for a wide variety of game fish seeking the nutrients brought by the currents of the Gulf or in the warm waters of the Laguna Madre. The beach forming from the sand transported by those currents makes for a rare camping experience. And of course, the ample space and natural beauty of the island enhances the simple pleasures of sunbathing, swimming, walking along the shore, collecting sea shells, or just escaping the chaos of urban life.
Conclusion
Converging forces of wind and water, human cultures, flora and fauna have shaped Padre Island throughout its history. Because of this unique combination, Congress established Padre Island National Seashore on September 28, 1962 to “save and preserve, for purposes of public recreation, benefit, and inspiration, a portion of the diminishing seashore of the United States that remains undeveloped”
The National Seashore stretches seventy miles and encompasses over 130,000 acres, making it the longest undeveloped stretch of barrier island in the world. As time passes and more and more of America’s wild coast is consumed by urban sprawl and development, it becomes increasingly important that this island remains untouched.
The National Park Service hopes that you enjoy your visit to Padre Island and that you will help us to preserve it, its cultural history, and its wildlife so that future generations may enjoy it as well.
Sea Turtles
Five of the world's seven sea turtle species are found in the Gulf of Mexico. These magnificent marine animals, once abundant in the oceans, have declined during the last century. Human development on turtle nesting beaches, harvesting of the eggs, slaughtering for food and consumer products, and incidental capturing by the fishing industry are to blame for dwindling turtle populations. Each of the five sea turtle species of the Gulf is now classified as either threatened or endangered and could become extinct unless steps are taken to protect and enhance its populations.
The Kemp’s Riley
The Kemp's Ridley is the most endangered species of sea turtle. Its principal nesting area is a 16-mile stretch of beach at Playa de Rancho Nuevo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. To save the Kemp's Ridley, agencies from the United States Federal Government, the state of Texas, and the Republic of Mexico have joined forces in an attempt to establish a second nesting beach at Padre Island National Seashore, where sporadic Kemp's Ridley nesting had already been detected. The program is designed around the theory that mature sea turtles return to the beach where they hatched to lay their own eggs.
During nearly every year since 1996, other turtles from this project have been found nesting and increasing number of Kemp's Ridley nests were located in the U.S., including 23 at Padre Island National Seashore.
How Can You Help?
Be observant. If you see any tracks, or if you see a live or dead sea turtle on the beach, immediately contact a Park Ranger. As part of the endangered species act, taking or having in your possession any part of these turtles is a felony offense. If you find a nesting female, do not approach her until she has already begun laying her eggs or is covering her nest. If possible, photograph or videotape her. Any information reported to park rangers will help to save these docile creatures.
Padre Island
Introduction
The key to understanding Padre Island is to understand that the island sits where the winds and currents of the western Gulf converge to produce a unique combination of environments. Continually shaped by the converging forces of wind and water, Padre Island provides an ever-changing habitat to a diverse ecosystem of plants and animals.
Dynamics
The wind at Padre Island comes mainly from the southeast. As the wind strikes the water, it forms waves, which strike the shoreline at an angle creating long shore currents. Three to five thousand years ago, the currents brought the sand and natural debris that formed the island.
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